Kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu (1967-1978)
01 Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakanganiswa
Kubva muna 1967 kusvika 1978, nekuda kwekuchinja kukuru munharaunda, kukura kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu kwakakanganiswawo zvikuru. Zviratidzo zvikuru ndeizvi:
1. Vharuvhu kubuda kwacho kwadzikira zvakanyanya, uye mhando yacho yadzikira zvakanyanya
2. Vharuvhu hurongwa hwekutsvagisa kwesainzi hwatanga kuumbwa hwakanganiswa
3. Zvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu yepakati nepakati zvinova zvenguva pfupi zvakare
4. Kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu ane simba repamusoro nepakati zvisina kurongwa kwakatanga kuoneka
02 Tora matanho ekurebesa "mutsetse mupfupi wevharuvhu"
Hunhu hwezvigadzirwa muvharuvhuindasitiri yadzikira zvakanyanya, uye mushure mekuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu zvine simba repamusoro nepakati kwenguva pfupi, hurumende inokoshesa izvi zvikuru. Dhipatimendi reHeavy and General reBazi rekutanga reMichina rakagadzira boka revharuvhu kuti rive nebasa rekushandura tekinoroji kweindasitiri yevharuvhu. Mushure mekuferefeta kwakadzama nekutsvagisa, timu yevharuvhu yakaisa "Mushumo pamusoro peMafungiro pamusoro peKuvandudzwa kweZviyero zveKugadzira Mavharuvhu ane Simba repamusoro nepakati", uyo wakaendeswa kuState Planning Commission. Mushure mekutsvagisa, zvakasarudzwa kuisa mari inosvika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu nemaviri eyuan muindasitiri yevharuvhu kuti iite shanduko yehunyanzvi kugadzirisa dambudziko rekushaikwa kwakanyanya kwesimba repamusoro nepakati.mavharuvhu uye kuderera kwehunhu nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.
1. Misangano miviri yeKaifeng
Muna Chivabvu 1972, Dhipatimendi reMichina Yekutanga rakaita musangano wenyikavharuvhuMusangano webasa reindasitiri muKaifeng City, Henan Province. Mayuniti zana nemakumi maviri nemashanu nevamiriri zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevasere kubva kumafekitori makumi masere nemasere evhavha, masangano masere akakodzera ekutsvagisa nekugadzira zvesainzi, mahofisi gumi nematatu emumapurovhinzi nemaguta emuguta nevamwe vashandisi vakapinda musangano uyu. Musangano uyu wakasarudza kudzoreredza masangano maviri eindasitiri nenetwork yehungwaru, uye wakasarudza Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory neTieling Valve Factory sevatungamiriri vechikwata chine simba guru uye chine simba shoma zvichiteerana, uye Hefei General Machinery Research Institute neShenyang Valve Research Institute ndivo vaitarisira basa renetwork yehungwaru. Musangano uyu wakakurukurawo nekudzidza nyaya dzine chekuita ne "kuvandudzwa kwezvitatu", kuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa, kutsvagisa kwehunyanzvi, kupatsanura zvigadzirwa, uye kugadzira mabasa eindasitiri nehungwaru. Kubva ipapo, mabasa eindasitiri nehungwaru anga ambomiswa kwemakore matanhatu atangazve. Matanho aya akaita basa guru mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwemavhavha uye kudzosera kumashure mamiriro ezvinhu enguva pfupi.
2. Mabasa ekuronga indasitiri yeCV uye kuchinjana ruzivo
Mushure meKaifeng Conference muna 1972, mapoka emaindasitiri akatangazve mabasa awo. Panguva iyoyo, mafekitori makumi manomwe nemaviri chete ndiwo akapinda muhurongwa hweindasitiri, uye mafekitori mazhinji emavharuvhu akanga asati apinda muhurongwa hweindasitiri. Kuti aronge mafekitori akawanda emavharuvhu sezvinobvira, dunhu rega rega rinoronga mabasa emaindasitiri zvakateerana. Shenyang High neMedium Pressure Valve Factory, Beijing Valve Factory, Shanghai Valve Factory, Wuhan Valve Factory,Tianjin Valve Factory, Gansu High neMedium Pressure Valve Factory, uye Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory ndizvo zvinotungamira Northeast, North China, East China, Central South, Northwest, uye Southwest Regions. Munguva iyi, indasitiri yemavharuvhu nemabasa ehungwaru zvaive zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakabereka zvibereko, uye zvaive zvakakurumbira mumafekitori ari muindasitiri. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemabasa eindasitiri, kugovana ruzivo kakawanda, kubatsirana uye kudzidzana, hazvingosimudziri chete kuvandudzwa kwemhando yechigadzirwa, asiwo zvinosimbisa kubatana neushamwari pakati pemafekitori akasiyana-siyana, zvekuti indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakaumba sangano rakabatana, pamwe chete, pamwe chete. Kuenderera mberi, kuchiratidza chiitiko chine simba uye chiri kukura.
3. Ita "kuvandudzwa katatu" kwezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu
Zvichienderana nepfungwa yemisangano miviri yeKaifeng uye pfungwa dzeHeavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery, General Machinery Research Institute yakaronga zvakare basa guru re "kuvandudza katatu" nerutsigiro rwemafekitori akasiyana-siyana muindasitiri. Basa re "kuvandudza katatu" ibasa rakakosha rehunyanzvi, iro riri danho rinoshanda rekukurumidzisa shanduko yetekinoroji yemakambani nekuvandudza huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu. Boka rekushanda re "kuvandudza katatu" rinoshanda zvichienderana ne "zvakanaka zvina" (zviri nyore kushandisa, zviri nyore kuvaka, zviri nyore kugadzirisa uye kuenderana zvakanaka) uye "kubatana kuchina" (modhi, maparamita ekushanda, kubatana uye zviyero zvese, zvikamu zvakajairwa). Zviri mukati mebasa zvine zvikamu zvitatu, chimwe ndechekurerutsa mhando dzakasanganiswa; chimwe ndechekugadzira nekugadzirisa huwandu hwezviyero zvehunyanzvi; chechitatu ndechekusarudza nekupedzisa zvigadzirwa.
4. Tsvagiridzo yehunyanzvi yakasimudzira kukura kwetsvagiridzo yesainzi
(1) Kugadzirwa kwezvikwata zvekutsvagisa zvesainzi uye kuvakwa kwezvigadziko zvekuyedza Pakupera kwa1969, General Machinery Research Institute yakatamiswa kubva kuBeijing kuenda kuHefei, uye mudziyo wekutanga wekuyedza kuramba kuyerera wakaparadzwa, izvo zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya kutsvagisa kwesainzi. Muna 1971, vaongorori vesainzi vakadzokera kuchikwata mumwe mushure memumwe, uye rabhoritari yekutsvagisa mavharuvhu yakawedzera kusvika kuvanhu vanopfuura makumi matatu, uye vakapihwa basa nebazi rekuronga kutsvagisa kwehunyanzvi. Rabhoritari iri nyore yakavakwa, mudziyo wekuyedza kuramba kuyerera wakaiswa, uye michina chaiyo yekumanikidza, yekurongedza nemimwe yekuyedza yakagadzirwa uye yakagadzirwa, uye kutsvagisa kwehunyanzvi pamusoro pevharuvhu nekurongedza kwakatanga.
(2) Zvakabudirira zvikuru Musangano weKaifeng wakaitwa muna 1973 wakagadzira hurongwa hwekutsvagisa tekinoroji yeindasitiri yemavharuvhu kubva muna 1973 kusvika 1975, uye wakaronga mapurojekiti makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe ekutsvagisa akakosha. Pakati pawo, pane zvinhu zvisere zvekugadzirisa kupisa, zvinhu gumi nezvitanhatu zvekuvhara pamusoro, zvinhu zvitanhatu zvekurongedza, chinhu chimwe chemudziyo wemagetsi, uye zvinhu zvitanhatu zvebvunzo yekuedza nekushanda. Gare gare, muHarbin Welding Research Institute, Wuhan Material Protection Research Institute, neHefei General Machinery Research Institute, vashandi vakakosha vakagadzwa kuronga nekutungamira kuongororwa nguva dzose, uye misangano miviri yebasa pamusoro pezvikamu zvekutanga zvemavharuvhu ane pressure yakakwira nepakati yakaitwa kupfupikisa ruzivo, kubatsirana uye kuchinjana, uye vakagadzira hurongwa hwekutsvagisa hwezvikamu zvekutanga muna 1976 muna 1980. Kuburikidza nekuedza kwakabatana kweindasitiri yese, kubudirira kukuru kwakaitwa mubasa rekutsvagisa tekinoroji, izvo zvakasimudzira kukura kwekutsvagisa kwesainzi muindasitiri yemavharuvhu. Mhedzisiro yayo mikuru ndeiyi inotevera:
1) Kuisa pamusoro pechisimbiso. Tsvagiridzo yekuisa pamusoro pechisimbiso ine chinangwa chekugadzirisa dambudziko rekubuda kwemvura mukati memvuravharuvhuPanguva iyoyo, zvinhu zvekuvhara pamusoro zvaive zvakanyanya 20Cr13 ne12Cr18Ni9, izvo zvaive nekuomarara kwakaderera, kusapfeka zvakanaka, matambudziko akakomba ekubuda kwemukati muzvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu, uye hupenyu hupfupi hwebasa. Shenyang Valve Research Institute, Harbin Welding Research Institute neHarbin Boiler Factory vakaumba timu yekutsvagisa ine mativi matatu. Mushure memakore maviri ekushanda nesimba, mhando itsva yezvinhu zvekuvhara pamusoro pepamusoro pe chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8) yakagadzirwa. Zvinhu izvi zvine mashandiro akanaka. Kuramba kukwenya kwakanaka, hupenyu hurefu hwebasa, uye hapana nickel uye chromium shoma, zviwanikwa zvinogona kutsamira pakushandiswa kwemumba, mushure mekuongororwa kwehunyanzvi, zvakakosha zvikuru pakusimudzira.
2) Kutsvaga kwekuzadza. Chinangwa chekutsvaga kwekuisa mavharuvhu ndechekugadzirisa dambudziko rekubuda kwevharuvhu. Panguva iyoyo, kurongedza mavharuvhu kwaive kwakanyanya kuputirwa asbestos nerabha asbestos, uye kushanda kwekuvhara kwaive kwakashata, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kwevharuvhu zvakanyanya. Muna 1967, General Machinery Research Institute yakaronga timu yekuferefeta kubuda kwemvura kunze kuti iongorore mamwe mafekitori emakemikari, nzvimbo dzekuchenesa mafuta nefekitori dzemagetsi, uye yakazoita tsvakiridzo yekuedza kudzivirira ngura pamafekitori nematsinde evharuvhu.
3) Kuyedzwa kwekushanda kwechigadzirwa uye kutsvagurudza kwedzidziso dzepakutanga. Paunenge uchiita tsvakurudzo yehunyanzvi,indasitiri yemavharuvhuvakaedzawo nesimba mashandiro echigadzirwa uye tsvakiridzo yedzidziso, uye vakawana mhedzisiro yakawanda.
5. Ita shanduko yetekinoroji yemakambani
Mushure meKaifeng Conference muna 1973, indasitiri yese yakaita shanduko yetekinoroji. Matambudziko makuru aivepo muindasitiri yemavharuvhu panguva iyoyo: Chekutanga, maitiro acho aive kumashure, kuumbwa kwacho kwakagadzirwa nemaoko, kuumbwa kwechinhu chimwe chete, uye maturusi emuchina anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye zvishandiso zvebasa renguva dzose zvaiwanzoshandiswa pakushanda muchando. Imhaka yekuti mhando nezviratidzo zvefekitori yega yega zvakapetwa zvakanyanya, uye huwandu hwacho hwakakura munyika yese, asi mushure mekugoverwa kwefekitori yega yega, huwandu hwekugadzira hushoma kwazvo, izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda nesimba kwesimba rekugadzira. Mukupindura matambudziko ari pamusoro apa, Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery yakaisa matanho anotevera: kuronga mafekitori emavharuvhu aripo ane pressure yepamusoro nepakati, kugadzira kuronga kwakabatana, kugovanisa vashandi zvine musoro, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwehuwandu; kushandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro, kugadzira mitsara yekugadzira, uye kushandira pamwe mumafekitori akakosha nemaburi. Mitsetse mina yekugadzira isina chinhu yesimbi yakagadzirwa muworkshop yesimbi, uye mitsara gumi yekugadzira inotonhora yezvikamu yakaiswa mumafekitori matanhatu akakosha; huwandu hwemamiriyoni makumi mashanu nemaviri eyuan hwakaiswa mukushandurwa kwetekinoroji.
(1) Kuchinja kwetekinoroji yekugadzirisa kupisa. Mukushandura kwetekinoroji yekugadzirisa kupisa, matekinoroji akadai segirazi remvura, jecha rakanyoroveswa, chiumbwa chemvura, uye kukanda nemazvo zvakakurumbira. Kukanda nemazvo kunogona kuita kuti pave nekukasira kusina chip kana kuti kusina chip. Yakakodzera mavharuvhu madiki, kurongedza gland, uye vharuvhu. Muna 1969, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yakatanga kushandisa nzira yekukanda nemazvo pakugadzira mavharuvhu, yePN16, DN50 gate valve body,
(2) Kuchinja kwehunyanzvi hwekushanda muchando. Mukushandura tekinoroji yekushanda muchando, zvishandiso zvemuchina zvakakosha uye mitsetse yekugadzira zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yemavharuvhu. Kare muna 1964, Shanghai Valve Nhamba 7 Factory yakagadzira nekugadzira mutsetse wekugadzira wegedhi valve body crawler type semi-automatic, unova wekutanga mutsetse wekugadzira wevharuvhu une pressure yakaderera muindasitiri yemavharuvhu. Mushure meizvozvo, Shanghai Valve Nhamba 5 Factory yakagadzira nekugadzira mutsetse wekugadzira we semi-automatic weDN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body nebonnet muna 1966.
6. Gadzira mhando itsva nesimba uye wedzera huwandu hweseti dzakakwana
Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa nemidziyo yakakura yakazara yakadai sepeturu, indasitiri yemakemikari, simba remagetsi, simbi uye indasitiri yepeturu, indasitiri yemavharuvhu iri kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva nesimba panguva imwe chete yekushandurwa kwetekinoroji, izvo zvakavandudza mwero wekufananidza zvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu.
03 Pfupiso
Tichitarisa kumashure kubva muna 1967 kusvika 1978, budiriro yevharuvhu indasitiri yakambokanganiswa zvikuru. Nekuda kwekukura nekukurumidza kwemaindasitiri epeturu, makemikari, magetsi, simbi uye marasha, mavharuvhu ane simba repamusoro nepakati ave "zvigadzirwa zvenguva pfupi". Muna 1972, sangano reindasitiri yemavharuvhu rakatanga kutangazve nekuita mabasa. Mushure memisangano miviri yeKaifeng, vakaita nesimba "kuvandudza katatu" nebasa rekutsvagisa tekinoroji, vachitanga shanduko yetekinoroji muindasitiri yese. Muna 1975, indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakatanga kugadzirisa, uye kugadzirwa kweindasitiri kwakachinja kuva nani.
Muna 1973, State Planning Commission yakabvumidza matanho ekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi rakakwirira nerepakati.mavharuvhuMushure mekudyara mari, indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakaita shanduko inogona kuitika. Kuburikidza nekushandura tekinoroji nekusimudzira, mamwe matekinoroji epamusoro akagamuchirwa, zvekuti mwero wekugadzirisa kunotonhora muindasitiri yese wavandudzwa kusvika pamwero wakati, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwemichina yekupisa wavandudzwa kusvika pamwero wakati. Mushure mekusimudzirwa kwemaitiro ekuisa plasma spray, mhando yechigadzirwa chemavharuvhu ane pressure yakakwira nepakati yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya, uye dambudziko rekuti "kudonha kamwe chete nekaviri" rakagadziridzwawo. Nekupedzwa nekushanda kwemapurojekiti makumi matatu nemaviri ekuyera zvivakwa, indasitiri yemavharuvhu yeChina ine hwaro hwakasimba uye mukana wekugadzira wakakura. Kubva muna 1970, kubuda kwemavharuvhu ane pressure yakakwira nepakati kwakaramba kuchikura. Kubva muna 1972 kusvika 1975, goho rakawedzera kubva pa21,284t kusvika pa38,500t, nekuwedzera kwe17,216t mumakore mana, zvakaenzana negoho regore negore muna 1970. Goho regore negore remavharuvhu ane simba rakaderera rave rakagadzikana padanho re70,000 kusvika 80,000 matani. Munguva iyi,vharuvhu Maindasitiri akagadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvine simba, kwete chete mhando dzemavharuvhu anoshanda zvakanyanya, asiwo mavharuvhu akakosha ezviteshi zvemagetsi, mapaipi, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, tembiricha yakaderera uye indasitiri yenyukireya, ndege dzemuchadenga nedzimwe mavharuvhu anoshanda zvakanyanya akakurawo zvakanyanya. Kana makore ekuma1960 aive nguva yekuvandudzwa kukuru kwemavharuvhu anoshanda zvakanyanya, saka makore ekuma1970 aive nguva yekuvandudzwa kukuru kwemavharuvhu anoshanda zvakanyanya. Kugona kutsigira kwemumbamavharuvhu yakagadziridzwa zvikuru, izvo zvinogutsa zvinodiwa nekusimudzira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi hwenyika.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-04-2022
