Danho rekutanga reindasitiri yemavharuvhu (1949-1959)
01 Rongai kuti mubatsire kusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika
Nguva kubva muna 1949 kusvika 1952 ndiyo nguva yekumuka kwehupfumi hwenyika yangu. Nekuda kwezvinodiwa pakuvaka hupfumi, nyika inoda nekukurumidza huwandu hwakawanda hwemavharuvhukwete chetemavharuvhu ekumanikidzwa kwakaderera, asiwo mavharuvhu ane simba repamusoro nepakati asina kugadzirwa panguva iyoyo. Maitiro ekuronga kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa nekukurumidza munyika ibasa rinorema uye rakaoma.
1. Kutungamira nekutsigira kugadzirwa
Zvichienderana nemutemo wekuti "kusimudzira kugadzirwa, kubudirira kwehupfumi, kufunga nezveveruzhinji nevega, uye kubatsira vashandi nemari", hurumende yevanhu inoshandisa nzira yekugadzirisa nekuodha, uye inotsigira zvakasimba mabhizinesi epakati nepakati nemadiki kuti avhurezve nekugadzira mavharuvhu. Pausiku hwekuvambwa kwePeople's Republic of China, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakazovhara bhizinesi rayo nekuda kwezvikwereti zvayo zvakakura uye kusava nemusika wezvigadzirwa zvayo, ichisiya vashandi vanomwe chete kuti vachengetedze fekitori, uye yakatengesa maturusi emuchina gumi nemana ekuchengetedza mari. Mushure mekuvambwa kweNew China, nerutsigiro rwehurumende yevanhu, fekitori yakatangazve kugadzira, uye huwandu hwevashandi mugore iroro hwakawedzera kubva pa7 kusvika pa96 payakatanga. Mushure mezvo, fekitori yakabvuma kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kubva kuShenyang Hardware Machinery Company, uye kugadzirwa kwacho kwakatora chitarisiko chitsva. Huwandu hwevashandi hwakawedzera kusvika pa329, nekugadzirwa kwegore negore kwemaseti mazana matanhatu negumi emavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana, nemutengo wekubudisa we830,000 yuan. Munguva imwe cheteyo muShanghai, kwete makambani akazvimirira chete akanga agadzira mavharuvhu akavhurwazve, asi nekumuka kwehupfumi hwenyika, huwandu hwakawanda hwemakambani madiki akazvimirira akavhurwa kana kuchinja kuita mavharuvhu, izvo zvakaita kuti sangano reConstruction Hardware Association panguva iyoyo rikure nekukurumidza.
2. Kutenga nekutengesa zvakabatana, kuronga kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu
Nemakambani akawanda akazvimirira ari kugadzira mavharuvhu, sangano rekutanga reShanghai Construction Hardware Association harina kukwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuvandudza. Muna 1951, vagadziri vemavharuvhu eShanghai vakatanga mabhizinesi matanhatu akabatana kuti vaite mabasa ekugadzirisa nekuodha eShanghai Purchasing Supply Station yeChina Hardware Machinery Company, uye vaite basa rekutenga nekutengesa kwakabatana. Semuenzaniso, Daxin Iron Works, iyo inoita basa remavharuvhu makuru ane pressure shoma, uye Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong neLianggong Machinery Factory, iyo inoita basa rekugadzira mavharuvhu ane pressure yakakwira nepakati, ese anotsigirwa neShanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, Ministry of Industry of East China neCentral Fuel. Pasi pekutungamirirwa kwePetroleum Administration yeMinistry of Industry, maodha akananga anoiswa, uye ozotendeukira kumaodha ekugadzirisa. Hurumende yevanhu yakabatsira mabhizinesi akazvimirira kukunda matambudziko ekugadzira nekutengesa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakabatana hwekutenga nekutengesa, pakutanga yakachinja kusagadzikana kwehupfumi hwemabhizinesi akazvimirira, uye yakavandudza kufarira kwekugadzira kwevaridzi vemabhizinesi nevashandi, avo vari kumashure zvakanyanya muhunyanzvi, michina nemamiriro emafekitori. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, yakapa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu kumakambani makuru akadai semafekitori emagetsi, mafekitori esimbi neminda yemafuta kuti vatangezve kugadzira.
3. Kuvandudzwa kwekudzoreredzwa kwemabasa ekuvaka hupfumi hwenyika
Muchirongwa chekutanga chemakore mashanu, hurumende yakaona mapurojekiti makuru zana nemakumi mashanu nematanhatu ekuvaka, ayo kudzoreredza kugadzirwa kweYumen Oil Field neAnshan Iron and Steel Company ari mapurojekiti maviri makuru. Kuti vatangezve kugadzira muYumen Oilfield nekukurumidza, Petroleum Administration Bureau yeMinistry of Fuel Industry yakaronga kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemichina yepeturu muShanghai. Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory nedzimwe dzakaita basa rekuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi ane simba repakati nepakati. Zvinogoneka kufungidzira kuoma kwemavharuvhu esimbi ane simba repakati nepakati akagadzirwa nemafekitori madiki emuworkshop. Mamwe marudzi anogona kungotevedzerwa zvichienderana nemasampuro akapihwa nevashandisi, uye zvinhu chaizvo zvinoongororwa uye kurongwa mepu. Sezvo mhando yesimbi yakakandwa yakanga isina kukwana, muviri wevharuvhu yesimbi yekutanga waifanira kuchinjwa kuita forgings. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina die yekuboorera yekugadzirwa kwegomba re oblique yemuviri wevharuvhu yepasi, saka yaigona kungoboorwa nemaoko, uye yozogadziriswa nemugadziri. Mushure mekukunda matambudziko mazhinji, takazobudirira mukuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi epakati nepakati eNPS3/8 ~ NPS2 nemavharuvhu epasi, izvo zvakagamuchirwa zvakanaka nevashandisi. Muhafu yechipiri ya1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong nedzimwe fekitori dzakatanga basa rekuyedza kugadzira uye kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi epeturu. Panguva iyoyo, magadzirirwo nemazinga eSoviet zvakashandiswa, uye mainjiniya vakadzidza nekuita, uye vakakunda matambudziko mazhinji mukugadzira. Kuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi eShanghai kwakarongwa neMinistry of Petroleum, uye vakawanawo kushandira pamwe kwemafekitori akasiyana-siyana muShanghai. Asia Factory (ikozvino Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) yakapa masimbi aienderana nezvinodiwa, uye Sifang Boiler Factory yakabatsira mukuputitsa. Muedzo uyu wakazobudirira mukuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi esimbi, uye pakarepo wakaronga kugadzirwa kwesimbi ndokutumira kuYumen Oilfield kuti ishandiswe nenguva. Panguva imwe chete, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works neShanghai Daxin Iron Works dzakapawomavharuvhu ane kumanikidzwa kwakadereranehukuru hwakakura hwezviteshi zvemagetsi, Anshan Iron and Steel Company ichatangazve kugadzira nekuvaka maguta.
Munguva yekudzoreredzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika, indasitiri yemavharuvhu yenyika yangu yakawedzera nekukurumidza. Muna 1949, huwandu hwemavharuvhu hwaingova 387t chete, izvo zvakawedzera kusvika 1015t muna 1952. Muchokwadi, yakakwanisa kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi yakaumbwa nemavharuvhu makuru ane simba shoma, izvo zvisingangope mavharuvhu anoenderana chete ekuvandudza hupfumi hwenyika, asiwo zvakaisa hwaro hwakanaka hwekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu yeChina mune ramangwana.
02Indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakatanga
Muna 1953, nyika yangu yakatanga chirongwa chayo chekutanga chemakore mashanu, uye zvikamu zvemaindasitiri zvakaita sepetroleum, indasitiri yemakemikari, simbi, simba remagetsi nemarasha zvese zvakakurumidzisa kukurumidza kwebudiriro. Panguva ino, kudiwa kwemavharuvhu kwakawedzerwa. Panguva iyoyo, kunyangwe paive nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemafekitori madiki epachivande aigadzira mavharuvhu, simba ravo rehunyanzvi raive risina simba, michina yavo yakanga yapera, mafekitori avo aive akareruka, zviyero zvavo zvaive zvidiki, uye akanga akapararira zvakanyanya. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa zvekukura nekukurumidza kwehupfumi hwenyika, Bazi rekutanga reIndasitiri yeMichina (rinonzi Bazi rekutanga reMichina) rinoramba richironga patsva nekushandura mabhizinesi ekutanga epachivande nekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu. Panguva imwe chete, kune zvirongwa nematanho ekuvaka musana nemavharuvhu akakosha. Bhizinesi, indasitiri yemavharuvhu yenyika yangu yakatanga kutanga.
1. Kugadziriswazve kweindasitiri yevharuvhu yechipiri muShanghai
Mushure mekutangwa kweNew China, Bato iri rakatanga mutemo wekuti "kushandiswa, kuganhurira uye kushandura" indasitiri nekutengeserana kwemari.
Zvakazoonekwa kuti kwaive nemafekitori madiki emavharuvhu makumi matanhatu kana makumi manomwe muShanghai. Fekitori hombe pane idzi dzaingova nevanhu makumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu chete, uye diki racho raingova nevanhu vashoma chete. Kunyangwe mafekitori aya emavharuvhu achigadzira mavharuvhu, tekinoroji yavo nehutungamiriri hwavo zvakaderera zvikuru, michina nezvivakwa zvefekitori zviri nyore, uye nzira dzekugadzira dziri nyore. Mamwe ane machira rimwe chete kana maviri akareruka kana maturusi emuchina webhandi, uye kune maovheni ekubikisa, mazhinji acho anoshandiswa nemaoko. , pasina kugona kugadzira uye michina yekuedza. Mamiriro aya haana kukodzera kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano, uye haakwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvakarongwa zvehurumende, uye hazvigoneke kudzora mhando yezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu. Nekuda kweizvi, Hurumende yeVanhu veMunicipal yeShanghai yakaumba mubatanidzwa nevagadziri vevharuvhu muShanghai, uye yakagadzira Shanghai Pipeline Switches Nhamba 1, Nhamba 2, Nhamba 3, Nhamba 4, Nhamba 5, Nhamba 6 nemamwe mabhizinesi makuru. Kusanganisa zviri pamusoro apa, manejimendi ari pakati nepakati maererano netekinoroji uye mhando, izvo zvinobatanidza zvinobudirira manejimendi akapararira uye asina kurongeka, nokudaro zvichikurudzira zvikuru kufarira kwevashandi vazhinji kuvaka socialism, uku ndiko kurongwazve kwekutanga kukuru kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu.
Mushure mekubatana kwehurumende nemakambani muna 1956, indasitiri yemavharuvhu muShanghai yakagadziriswazve kechipiri uye yakagadziridzwa maindasitiri zvakanyanya, uye makambani ehunyanzvi akadai seShanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company neGeneral Machinery Company akatangwa. Kambani yemavharuvhu pakutanga yakabatana neindasitiri yemidziyo yekuvaka yakagadzira Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, uye Xie nedunhu. Kune mafekitori angangoita makumi maviri muDalian, Yuchang, Deda, nezvimwewo. Fekitori yega yega ine mafekitori akati wandei esatellite pasi pesimba rayo. Bazi rebato nesangano revashandi vepasi rose zvakavambwa mufekitori yepakati. Hurumende yakaisa vamiriri veveruzhinji kutungamira basa rekutonga, uye saizvozvo yakagadzira masangano ekugadzira, ekupa, uye emari, uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakashandisa nzira dzekutarisira dzakafanana nedzemakambani ehurumende. Panguva imwe chete, nzvimbo yeShenyang yakabatanidzawo mafekitori madiki makumi maviri nerimwe muChengfa.Vharuvhu yeGedhiFekitori. Kubva ipapo, hurumende yakaunza kugadzirwa kwemabhizinesi madiki nepakati munzira yekuronga yenyika kuburikidza nemasangano ekutarisira pamatanho ese, uye yakaronga nekuronga kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu. Uku kuchinja kuri kuitika mukutarisira kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu kubvira pakavambwa New China.
2. Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakachinja kuita mavharuvhu
Panguva imwe chete nekugadziriswazve kwevagadziri vemavharuvhu muShanghai, Dhipatimendi reMichina rekutanga rakagovanisa kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvefekitori yega yega yakabatana zvakananga, uye rakajekesa mafambiro ehunyanzvi ekugadzira mafekitori akabatana zvakananga nemafekitori makuru ehurumende yemuno. Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakashandurwa kuita bhizinesi rehunyanzvi rekugadzira mavharuvhu. Yakatangira fekitori iyi yaive hofisi yehurumende huru uye fekitori yeDechang yeindasitiri yenhema yekuJapan. Mushure mekutangwa kweNew China, fekitori iyi yainyanya kugadzira maturusi emuchina akasiyana-siyana nemapaipi. Muna 1953, yakatanga kugadzira michina yehuni. Muna 1954, payakanga iri pasi pehutungamiriri hweFirst Bureau yeMichina Ministry, yaive nevashandi 1,585 uye seti 147 dzemichina yakasiyana-siyana. Uye ine kugona kwekugadzira simbi yakakandwa, uye simba rehunyanzvi rakasimba. Kubva muna 1955, kuti ienderane nekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwenyika, zviri pachena kuti yakachinja kuita kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu, yakavakazve maworkshop ekutanga ekugadzira simbi, kuunganidza, maturusi, kugadzirisa michina uye simbi, yakavaka workshop itsva yeriveting newelding, uye yakavamba rabhoritari yepakati nenzvimbo yekuongorora metrological. Vamwe mainjiniya vakatamiswa kubva kuShenyang Pump Factory. Muna 1956, 837t yemavharuvhu ekumanikidzwa kwakadererayakagadzirwa, uye kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu ane simba repamusoro nepakati kwakatanga. Muna 1959, mavharuvhu 4213t akagadzirwa, kusanganisira 1291t yemavharuvhu ane simba repamusoro nepakati. Muna 1962, yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory uye yakava imwe yemakambani makuru emusana muindasitiri yemavharuvhu.
3. Kuguma kwekutanga kwekugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu
Mumazuva ekutanga ekuvambwa kweNew China, kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu enyika yangu kwainyanya kugadziriswa nekushandira pamwe nehondo. Munguva ye "Great Leap Forward", indasitiri yemavharuvhu yenyika yangu yakawana mugumo wayo wekutanga wekugadzirwa. Kubuda kwemavharuvhu: 387t muna 1949, 8126t muna 1956, 49746t muna 1959, 128.5 kakapetwa kupfuura 1949, uye ka6.1 kakapetwa kupfuura 1956 apo kubatana kweveruzhinji nevega kwakavambwa. Kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu ane pressure yepamusoro nepakati kwakatanga kunonoka, uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwakatanga muna 1956, ne175t pagore. Muna 1959, kubuda kwakasvika 1799t, iyo yaive ka10.3 kakapetwa kupfuura 1956. Kufambira mberi nekukurumidza kwekuvaka hupfumi hwenyika kwakasimudzira kufambira mberi kukuru kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu. Muna 1955, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yakabudirira kuyedza kugadzira vharuvhu yemuti weKisimusi yeYumen Oilfield; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemuchina dzakaedza kugadzira simbi yakakandwa, mavharuvhu esimbi yepakati neyekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro uye kumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo dzemafuta nefetereza. Mavharuvhu efetereza ane kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro ePN160 nePN320; Shenyang General Machinery Factory neSuzhou Iron Factory (yakatangira Suzhou Valve Factory) dzakabudirira kuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu ane kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro efetereza yeJilin Chemical Industry Corporation; Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakakwanisa kuyedza kugadzira vharuvhu yegedhi remagetsi ine saizi yeDN3000. Yaiva vharuvhu hombe uye yakarema kupfuura dzose muChina panguva iyoyo; Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakakwanisa kuyedza kugadzira mavharuvhu ane kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kwepamusoro ane saizi yeDN3 ~ DN10 uye kumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo yePN1500 ~ PN2000 yemudziyo wekuyedza wepakati wepolyethylene une kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro; Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory yakagadzirwa kuindasitiri yesimbi. Vharuvhu yemhepo inopisa ine saizi yeDN600 uye vharuvhu yeflue yeDN900; Dalian Valve Factory, Wafangdian Valve Factory, nezvimwewo zvakabudirirawo nekukurumidza. Kuwedzera kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye huwandu hwemavharuvhu kwakasimudzira kukura kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu. Kunyanya nezvinodiwa zvekuvaka zveindasitiri ye "Great Leap Forward", mafekitori madiki nepakati emavharuvhu akakura munyika yese. Pakazosvika 1958, makambani ekugadzira mavharuvhu enyika aive neanoda kusvika zana, achiumba timu hombe yekugadzira mavharuvhu. Muna 1958, huwandu hwese hwemavharuvhu hwakawedzera kusvika pa24,163t, kuwedzera kwe80% kupfuura 1957; Munguva iyi, kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu munyika yangu kwakasvika pakuguma kwayo kwekutanga. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekutangwa kwevagadziri vemavharuvhu, zvakaunzawo matambudziko akatevedzana. Semuenzaniso: kutsvaga huwandu chete, kwete mhando; "kuita nzira diki uye kuita nzira huru, dzemuno", kushaikwa kwemamiriro etekinoroji; dhizaini uchiita, kushaikwa kwepfungwa dzakajairwa; kopi uye kopi, zvichikonzera kuvhiringidzika kwehunyanzvi. Nekuda kwemitemo yavo yakasiyana, imwe neimwe ine seti yemaitiro akasiyana. Mashoko ekuti mavharuvhu haana kufanana munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye kumanikidzwa kwemazita uye saizi dzemazita hazvina kufanana. Mamwe mafekitori anotaura nezvemitemo yeSoviet, mamwe anotaura nezvemitemo yeJapan, uye mamwe anotaura nezvemitemo yeAmerica neBritain. Kuvhiringidzika kukuru. Panyaya yemhando, zvirevo, zviyero zvekubatanidza, kureba kwechimiro, mamiriro ebvunzo, zviyero zvebvunzo, mamakisi ependi, emuviri nemakemikari, uye kuyerwa, nezvimwewo. Makambani mazhinji anoshandisa nzira yekufananidza imwe chete ye "kuenzanisa nhamba yezvigaro", mhando haina kuvimbiswa, kubuda kwemagetsi hakuna kukwira, uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi haana kuvandudzwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo aive "akapararira, asina kugadzikana, mashoma, uye akaderera", kureva kuti, mafekitori emavharuvhu akapararira kwese kwese, sisitimu yekutonga isina kugadzikana, kushaikwa kwemitemo yehunyanzvi yakabatana uye zvirevo, uye mhando yezvigadzirwa yakaderera. Kuti vagadzirise mamiriro aya, hurumende yakasarudza kuronga vashandi vakakodzera kuti vaite ongororo yenyika yekugadzira pamusoro pevharuvhuindasitiri.
4. Ongororo yekutanga yenyika yekugadzira mavharuvhu
Kuti vaone mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu, muna 1958, Dhipatimendi reMichina rekutanga nerechitatu rakaronga ongororo yenyika yekugadzira mavharuvhu. Chikwata chekuongorora chakaenda kunzvimbo ina nemaguta makumi maviri nemana kuNortheast China, North China, East China neCentral South China kuti chiite ongororo yakazara pamafekitori emavharuvhu makumi mapfumbamwe. Iyi ndiyo ongororo yekutanga yemavharuvhu munyika yese kubva pakavambwa People's Republic of China. Panguva iyoyo, ongororo iyi yakatarisana nevagadziri vemavharuvhu vane huwandu hwakakura uye mhando dzakasiyana uye zvirevo, zvakaita seShenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, neDalian Valve. Fekitori, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (yakatangira Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, vagadziri vemavharuvhu vakati wandei muShanghai neShanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 uye 6 mafekitori, nezvimwewo.
Kuburikidza nekuferefeta, matambudziko makuru aripo mukugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu akaonekwa zvakanyanya:
1) Kusarongeka kwakakwana uye kugovaniswa kwevashandi zvine mwero, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kunogara kuchiitwa uye zvichikanganisa kugona kwekugadzira.
2) Mitemo yezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu haina kubatana, izvo zvakakonzera kusagadzikana kukuru pakusarudzwa nekugadzirisa kwemushandisi.
3) Hwaro hwebasa rekuyera nekuongorora hwakaderera zvakanyanya, uye zvakaoma kuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu zvakanaka uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwacho kwakanaka.
Mukupindura matambudziko ari pamusoro apa, timu yekuferefeta yakaisa matanho matatu kumaminisitiri nemabhurosi, anosanganisira kusimbisa kuronga kwese, kupatsanurwa kwevashandi zvine musoro, uye kuronga huwandu hwekugadzira nekutengesa; kusimbisa kuyera uye basa rekuongorora physical uye chemicals, kugadzira zviyero zvemavharuvhu zvakabatana; uye kuita tsvakiridzo yekuedza. 1. Vatungamiriri ve3rd Bureau vakakoshesa izvi zvikuru. Chekutanga, vakatarisa pabasa rekuenzanisa. Vakapa Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute yeFirst Ministry of Machinery basa rekugadzira vagadziri vemavharuvhu vakakodzera kuti vagadzire zviyero zvezvishongedzo zvemapaipi zvakapihwa neminisitiri, izvo zvakaiswa muindasitiri muna 1961. Kuti itungamire dhizaini yemavharuvhu yefekitori yega yega, inisiti iyi yakaunganidza uye yakadhinda "Valve Design Manual". Standard yezvishongedzo zvepaipi yakaburitswa neminisitiri ndiyo yekutanga yemazinga emavharuvhu munyika yangu, uye "Valve Design Manual" ndiyo data rekutanga rehunyanzvi rekugadzira mavharuvhu rakaunganidzwa nesu, iro rakaita basa rakanaka mukuvandudza huwandu hwekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu munyika yangu. Kuburikidza neongororo iyi yenyika yese, chinangwa chikuru chebudiriro yeindasitiri yemavharuvhu munyika yangu mumakore gumi apfuura chakawanikwa, uye matanho anoshanda uye anoshanda akatorwa kubvisa zvachose kutevedzera kwakashata kwekugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu uye kushaikwa kwemitemo. Tekinoroji yekugadzira yakatora danho guru mberi uye yakatanga kupinda padanho idzva rekuzvigadzira uye kuronga kugadzirwa kwehuwandu.
03 Pfupiso
Kubva muna 1949 kusvika 1959, nyika yanguvharuvhuindasitiri yakakurumidza kupora kubva mukusagadzikana kweChina yekare ndokutanga; kubva pakugadzirisa, kutevedzera kusvika pakugadzira zvinhu zvakazvigadzira.dKugadzira nekugadzira, kubva pakugadzira mavharuvhu ane simba shoma kusvika pakugadzira mavharuvhu ane simba rakakwirira nerepakati, pakutanga kwakagadzira indasitiri yekugadzira mavharuvhu. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekukura nekukurumidza kwekumhanya kwekugadzira, kunewo mamwe matambudziko. Kubva payakaiswa muchirongwa chenyika, pasi pehutungamiriri hweBazi rekutanga reMichina, chikonzero chedambudziko chakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuferefeta nekutsvaga, uye mhinduro dzinoshanda uye dzinoshanda uye matanho akatorwa kuti kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu kuenderane nekumhanya kwekuvaka kwehupfumi hwenyika, uye kwekusimudzira indasitiri yemavharuvhu. Uye kuumbwa kwemasangano eindasitiri kwakaisa hwaro hwakanaka.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-27-2022
