Nhanho yekutanga yeindasitiri yevharuvhu (1949-1959)
01Kuronga kushandira kudzoreredza hupfumi hwenyika
Nguva kubva muna 1949 kusvika muna 1952 yakanga iri nguva yokumutsiridza upfumi hwenyika yangu. Nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvekuvakwa kwehupfumi, nyika inoda nekukurumidza nhamba huru yemavharuvhu, kwete chetemavharuvhu akaderera, asiwo batch yepamusoro uye yepakati kudzvinyirira mavharuvhu asina kugadzirwa panguva iyoyo. Maitiro ekuronga kugadzira mavharuvhu kuti asangane nezvido zvekukurumidzira zvenyika ibasa rinorema uye rakaoma.
1. Kutungamira uye kutsigira kugadzirwa
Zvinoenderana negwaro re "kuvandudza kugadzirwa, kubudirira kwehupfumi, tichifunga nezve veruzhinji nevega, uye kubatsira vashandi nemari", hurumende yevanhu inotora nzira yekugadzirisa uye kurongeka, uye inotsigira zvine simba mabhizinesi epakati nediki vhurazve uye ugadzire mavharuvhu. Manheru ekuvambwa kwePeople's Republic of China, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakazovhara bhizinesi rayo nekuda kwezvikwereti zvayo uye pasina musika wezvigadzirwa zvayo, ichisiya vashandi vanomwe chete varinda fekitori, uye vakatengesa 14 maturusi emuchina kuchengetedza. mari. Mushure mekuvambwa kweNew China, ichitsigirwa nehurumende yevanhu, fekitari yakatangazve kugadzira, uye nhamba yevashandi mugore iroro yakawedzera kubva pa7 kusvika pa96 payakatanga. Zvadaro, fekitari yakabvuma kugadziriswa kwezvinhu kubva kuShenyang Hardware Machinery Company, uye kugadzirwa kwacho kwakatora chimiro chitsva. Huwandu hwevashandi hwakawedzera kusvika ku329, paine gore negore goho re610 seti dzemavharuvhu akasiyana, ine kukosha kwe830,000 yuan. Munguva imwecheteyo muShanghai, kwete chete makambani ega ega akange agadzira mavharuvhu akavhurwa, asi nekudzoreredza kwehupfumi hwenyika, huwandu hukuru hwemabhizinesi madiki akavhurwa kana kushandura mavharuvhu ekugadzira, izvo zvakaita kuti sangano reKuvaka Hardware Association ku nguva iyoyo kuwedzera nokukurumidza.
2. Kutenga kwakabatana uye kutengesa, kuronga kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu
Nehuwandu hukuru hwemabhizinesi akazvimirira ari kushanduka kuita kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu, yekutanga Shanghai Construction Hardware Association yatadza kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvebudiriro. Muna 1951, vagadziri vemavharuvhu eShanghai vakagadzira masangano matanhatu ekuita basa rekugadzirisa uye kuodha eShanghai Purchasing Supply Station yeChina Hardware Machinery Company, uye kuita kutenga nekutengesa kwakabatana. Semuyenzaniso, Daxin Iron Works, iyo inobata basa remavharuvhu makuru emazita akaderera, uye Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong neLianggong Machinery Factory, inoita kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu epamusoro-nepakati-pressure, ese anotsigirwa neShanghai. Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, Ministry of Industry of East China uye Central Fuel. Pasi pekutungamira kwePetroleum Administration yeBazi reIndasitiri, maodha akananga anoitwa, wobva watendeukira kumaodha ekugadzirisa. Hurumende yeVanhu yakabatsira mabhizinesi akazvimirira kukunda matambudziko mukugadzira nekutengesa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekutenga nekutengesa hwakabatana, pakutanga yakashandura kusagadzikana kwehupfumi hwemabhizinesi akazvimirira, uye nekuvandudza kufarira kwekugadzira kwevaridzi vebhizinesi nevashandi, avo vakadzokera kumashure zvakanyanya muhunyanzvi, michina. uye mamiriro efekitari Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, yakapa nhamba yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvevhavha kumabhizimisi makuru akadai semagetsi emagetsi, zvidyarwa zvesimbi uye minda yemafuta kuti atangezve kugadzirwa.
3. Kubudirira kwekudzorerwa kwemabasa ekuvaka ehupfumi enyika
Muchirongwa chemakore mashanu ekutanga, nyika yakaratidza mapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka zana nemakumi mashanu nenhanhatu, ayo kudzoreredzwa kweYumen Oil Field uye Anshan Iron uye Steel Company kugadzirwa mapurojekiti maviri makuru. Kuti vatangezve kugadzira muYumen Oilfield nekukurumidza, Petroleum Administration Bureau yeBazi reFuel Indasitiri yakaronga kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemichina yepetroleum muShanghai. Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory nevamwe vakaita basa rekuedza-kugadzira batch yepakati-kudzvanywa simbi mavharuvhu. Zvinogoneka kufungidzira kuoma kwekuedza-kugadzira mavharuvhu epakati-kumanikidza nemafekitori madiki ewekishopu. Mamwe marudzi anogona kungoteedzerwa zvinoenderana nemasampuli anopihwa nevashandisi, uye zvinhu chaizvo zvinoongororwa uye kumepu. Sezvo mhando yesimbi yekukandira yakanga isina kukwana, iyo yekutanga simbi yesimbi yevharuvhu yaifanira kuchinjwa kuita forgings. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina kudhirowa kufa kweiyo oblique hole processing yeglobe valve body, saka yaingogona kudonhedzwa nemaoko, yozogadziriswa nefitter. Mushure mekukunda matambudziko mazhinji, takazobudirira mukugadzirwa kwekuedza kweNPS3/8 ~ NPS2 yepakati-kudzvanya simbi yegedhi mavharuvhu uye eglobhu mavharuvhu, ayo akagamuchirwa zvakanaka nevashandisi. Muhafu yechipiri ya1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong nemamwe mafekitori vakaita basa rekuyedza kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwemavharuvhu esimbi epetroleum. Panguva iyoyo, magadzirirwo eSoviet uye zviyero zvakashandiswa, uye nyanzvi dzakadzidza nekuita, uye dzakakunda matambudziko mazhinji mukugadzira. Kuedza kugadzirwa kweShanghai cast simbi mavharuvhu kwakarongwa neBazi rePetroleum, uye zvakare vakawana kubatana kwemafekitori akasiyana muShanghai. Asia Factory (yava kunzi Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) yakapa simbi yekukandira yaienderana nezvinodiwa, uye Sifang Boiler Factory yakabatsira mukuputika. Muedzo wacho wakazobudirira mukuyedza kugadzirwa kweiyo cast steel valve prototype, uye pakarepo yakaronga kugadzirwa kwakawanda ndokuitumira kuYumen Oilfield kuti ishandiswe nenguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works uye Shanghai Daxin Iron Works yakapawomavharuvhu akadereraine hukuru hukuru hwezita rezvidyarwa zvemagetsi, Anshan Iron neSimbi Kambani kuti itangezve kugadzira uye kuvaka maguta.
Munguva yekudzoreredzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika, indasitiri yevharuvhu yenyika yangu yakasimukira nekukurumidza. Muna 1949, kubuda kwevharuvhu kwaingova 387t chete, iyo yakawedzera kusvika 1015t muna 1952. Nehunyanzvi, yakakwanisa kugadzira mavharuvhu esimbi uye mavharuvhu akaderera, ayo asingangopi mavharuvhu anofananidzira kudzoreredza hupfumi hwenyika, asi. zvakare kuisa hwaro hwakanaka hwekuvandudza kweramangwana reChina mavharuvhu indasitiri.
02Indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakatanga
Muna 1953, nyika yangu yakatanga hurongwa hwayo hwekutanga hwemakore mashanu, uye zvikamu zveindasitiri zvakaita sepeturu, indasitiri yemakemikari, simbi, magetsi emagetsi nemarasha zvese zvakawedzera kukurumidza kwebudiriro. Panguva ino, kudiwa kwemavharuvhu kunowedzerwa. Panguva iyoyo, kunyange zvazvo kwaiva nenhamba huru yemafekitari maduku akazvimirira oga aigadzira mavharuvhu, simba rawo rokugadzira rakanga risina simba, midziyo yawo yakanga yasakara, mafekitari awo akanga ari nyore, zvikero zvawo zvakanga zviduku zvikuru, uye akanga akapararira zvikuru. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodikanwa zvekukurumidza kusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika, Bazi rekutanga reMichina Indasitiri (inonzi Sekutanga Ministry yeMichina) inoramba ichironga patsva nekushandura mabhizinesi ekutanga ega uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane zvirongwa uye matanho ekuvaka musana uye mavharuvhu makuru. Enterprise, indasitiri yevharuvhu yenyika yangu yakatanga kutanga.
1. Kugadziriswazve kweindasitiri yevharuvhu yechipiri muShanghai
Mushure mekuvambwa kweNew China, Bato rakaita mutemo we "kushandiswa, kudziviswa uye shanduko" yeindasitiri yecapitalist uye kutengeserana.
Zvakazoitika kuti kwaive ne60 kana makumi manomwe mafekitori madiki evharuvhu muShanghai. Mafekitari makuru pane aya aingova nevanhu makumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu, uye diki aingova nevanhu vashoma. Kunyangwe mafekitori aya evharuvhu achigadzira mavharuvhu, tekinoroji yavo uye manejimendi zvakadzokera kumashure, midziyo uye zvivako zvefekitari zviri nyore, uye nzira dzekugadzira dziri nyore. Vamwe vanongove nekamwe chete kana maviri akareruka lathes kana bhandi muchina maturusi, uye kune chete mamwe crucible mavira ekukanda, mazhinji acho anoshanda nemaoko. , pasina dhizaini yekugona uye yekuyedza michina. Mamiriro aya haakodzeri kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano, uye haakwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvakarongwa zvehurumende, uye hazvibviri kudzora kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu. Kuti izvi zviitike, Hurumende yeMunicipal People's Shanghai yakagadzira mubatanidzwa nevagadziri vevharuvhu muShanghai, uye yakagadzira Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. makambani epakati. Kubatanidza zviri pamusoro, manejimendi epakati maererano nehunyanzvi uye mhando, iyo inonyatso batanidza yakapararira uye ine mhirizhonga manejimendi, nekudaro kukurudzira zvakanyanya kushingaira kweruzhinji rwevashandi kuvaka socialism, uku ndiko kutanga kukuru kurongeka patsva kweindasitiri yemavharuvhu.
Mushure mekudyidzana kweveruzhinji-yakavanzika muna 1956, indasitiri yevharuvhu muShanghai yakagadziridzwa kechipiri nekugadziridzwa kwemaindasitiri pamwero mukuru, uye makambani ehunyanzvi akadai seShanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company neGeneral Machinery Company akagadzwa. Kambani yevharuvhu yakatanga yakabatana neindasitiri yekuvaka hardware yakagadzira Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, uye Xie nedunhu. Kune anenge makumi maviri epakati mafekitori muDalian, Yuchang, Deda, nezvimwewo. Imwe neimwe fekitori yepakati ine akati wandei mafekitori esatellite pasi pesimba rayo. Bazi rebato uye mubatanidzwa wevashandi vepasi-midzi zvakavambwa mumuzinda wepakati. Hurumende yakapa vamiriri vehurumende kuti vatungamire basa rekutonga, uye masangano ezvekugadzira, kugovera, nezvemari, uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakashandisa nzira dzekutonga dzakafanana nemabhizinesi ehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo yeShenyang yakabatanidzawo mafekitori madiki makumi maviri nerimwe muChengfaGedhi VavhavhaFactory. Kubva ipapo, nyika yakaunza kugadzirwa kwemakambani madiki uye epakati mugwara rekuronga nyika kuburikidza nevatungamiriri vezvinhanho pamatanho ese, uye yakaronga nekuronga kugadzira mavharuvhu. Iyi ishanduko mukugadzira manejimendi emabhizinesi evharuvhu kubva pakuvambwa kweNew China.
2. Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakashandura kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu
Panguva imwe cheteyo nekurongwa patsva kwevagadziri vevharuvhu muShanghai, Dhipatimendi Rokutanga reMichina rakakamura kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvefekitari imwe neimwe yakabatana zvakananga, uye yakajekesa kutungamira kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira kwemafekitori akabatana zvakananga uye mafekitori makuru ehurumende. Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakashandurwa kuita inyanzvi yekugadzira mavharuvhu. enterprise. Akafanotungamira fekitori iyi yaive hofisi huru yebhizimusi mainland uye fekitori yekuJapan yemanyepo-indasitiri yeDechang. Mushure mekuvambwa kweNew China, fekitori yainyanya kugadzira maturusi emuchina akasiyana uye majoini epombi. Muna 1953, yakatanga kugadzira michina yehuni. Muna 1954, payakanga iri pasi pehutungamiri hweFirst Bureau of the Machinery Ministry, yakanga ine vashandi 1,585 uye 147 seti dzemichina yakasiyana-siyana nemichina. Uye ine simba rekugadzira resimbi yakakandwa, uye simba rekugadzira rine simba. Kubva 1955, kuitira kuti ienderane nekuvandudzwa kwechirongwa chenyika, yakanyatso kuchinjika kuita kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu, kuvakazve simbi yepakutanga, gungano, chishandiso, kugadzira muchina uye mashopu ekukanda simbi, yakavaka musangano mutsva weriveting uye welding, uye yakagadzira musangano. central laboratory uye metrological verification station. Vamwe vadzidzisi vakatamiswa kubva kuShenyang Pump Factory. Muna 1956, 837t yemavharuvhu akadereradzakagadzirwa, uye kugadzirwa kwemazhinji epamusoro nepakati kumanikidzwa mavharuvhu kwakatanga. Muna 1959, 4213t yemavharuvhu akagadzirwa, kusanganisira 1291t yemavharuvhu epamusoro uye epakati. Muna 1962, yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Shenyang High uye Medium Pressure Valve Factory uye ikava imwe yemabhizimusi makuru emusana muindasitiri yevharuvhu.
3. Mhedzisiro yekutanga yekugadzirwa kwevharuvhu
Mumazuva ekutanga ekuvambwa kweNew China, kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu yenyika yangu kwainyanya kugadziriswa nekubatana uye hondo. Munguva ye “Great Leap Forward”, indasitiri yevharuvhu yenyika yangu yakasangana nekuguma kwayo kwekutanga kugadzira. Kubuda kwevharuvhu: 387t muna 1949, 8126t muna 1956, 49746t muna 1959, 128.5 nguva ya1949, uye 6.1 nguva ye1956 pakatangwa mubatanidzwa wehurumende newakazvimirira. Kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu epamusoro nepakati kwakatanga kunonoka, uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwakatanga muna 1956, nekubuda kwepagore kwe175t. Muna 1959, zvakabuda zvakasvika 1799t, iyo yakanga iri 10.3 yakapetwa ka1956. Kukurumidza kukura kwekuvaka kwehupfumi hwenyika kwakasimudzira nhanho huru yeindasitiri yevharuvhu. Muna 1955, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yakabudirira kuedza-yakagadzira vharuvhu yemuti weKisimusi yeYumen Oilfield; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa uye mamwe mafekitori emuchina akaedzwa-akagadzirwa simbi yakakandwa, yakaumbwa simbi yepakati uye yakakwirira kumanikidza mavharuvhu uye nemazita kudzvanywa kweminda yemafuta nemiti yefetereza Mavharuvhu efetireza ePN160 nePN320; Shenyang General Machinery Factory uye Suzhou Iron Factory (yakatangira Suzhou Valve Factory) yakabudirira kuedza-yakagadzirwa-high-pressure mavharuvhu efekitari yeFetereza yeJilin Chemical Industry Corporation; Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakabudirira muyedzo-yakagadzira yemagetsi gedhi valve ine saizi yezita reDN3000. Yakanga iri vharuvhu hombe uye inorema muChina panguva iyoyo; Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakabudirira kuedza-yakagadzirwa e-ultra-high pressure valves ane mazita ehukuru hweDN3 ~ DN10 uye mazita ekumanikidzwa kwePN1500 ~ PN2000 ye-high-pressure polyethylene yepakati yekuongorora mudziyo; Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory inogadzirirwa indasitiri yemetallurgical Iyo yakakwira-tembiricha inopisa yemhepo vharuvhu ine saizi yezita reDN600 uye flue vharafu yeDN900; Dalian Valve Factory, Wafangdian Valve Factory, nezvimwewo vakawanawo kukurumidza kusimudzira. Kuwedzera kwezvakasiyana uye kuwanda kwemavharuvhu kwakasimudzira kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yevhavha. Kunyanya nezvinodiwa zvekuvaka zveindasitiri ye “Great Leap Forward”, mafekitori madiki nepakati pemavharuvhu amuka munyika yose. Pakazosvika 1958, mabhizinesi ekugadzira mavharuvhu emunyika akange aine angangoita zana, achigadzira timu hombe yekugadzira mavharuvhu. Muna 1958, kubudiswa kwevheji kwakasimuka kusvika ku24,163t, kuwedzera kwe80% pamusoro pe1957; Mukati meiyi nhambo yenguva, kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu yenyika yangu kwakava nemhedziso yako yokutanga. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekutanga kwevagadziri vevharuvhu, yakaunzawo nhevedzano yezvinetso. Semuenzaniso: kungotsvaga huwandu, kwete kunaka; "kuita zviduku uye kuita nzira huru, dzemunharaunda", kushayikwa kwemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu; dhizaini uchiri kuita, kushaikwa kwezviyero pfungwa; kukopa uye kukopa, zvichikonzera kuvhiringidzika kwehunyanzvi. Nekuda kwemitemo yavo yakasiyana, imwe neimwe ine seti yemhando dzakasiyana. Izwi remavharuvhu harina yunifomu munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye kudzvanywa kwezita uye saizi yemazita akateedzana haana yunifomu. Mamwe mafekitori anoreva zviyero zveSoviet, mamwe anoreva zviyero zveJapan, uye mamwe anoreva kuAmerican neBritish zviyero. Kuvhiringika kukuru. Panyaya yemhando, zvirevo, zviyero zvekubatanidza, kureba kwechimiro, mamiriro ekuyedzwa, zviyero zvekuedza, pendi mamaki, zvemuviri nemakemikari, uye kuyerwa, nezvimwewo haina kuvimbiswa, kuburitsa hakuna kukwira, uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi haana kuvandudzwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo "akapararira, mhirizhonga, mashoma, uye akaderera", ndiko kuti, mafekitori evharuvhu akapararira kwese kwese, chaotic manejimendi system, kushaikwa kwekubatana kwehunyanzvi zviyero uye zvakatemwa, uye yakaderera chigadzirwa mhando. Kuti vagadzirise mamiriro ezvinhu aya, nyika yakafunga kuronga vashandi vakakodzera kuti vaite ongororo yenyikavharafuindustry.
4. Ongororo yekutanga yekugadzirwa kwevharuvhu yenyika
Kuti uwane mamiriro ekugadzira mavharuvhu, muna 1958, Yekutanga uye Yechitatu Bureaus yeDhipatimendi Rokutanga Michina yakaronga ongororo yenyika. Boka rekuferefeta rakaenda kumatunhu mana nemaguta makumi maviri nemana kuNortheast China, North China, East China neCentral South China kuitisa ongororo yakazara pamafekitori makumi mapfumbamwe. Iyi ndiyo ongororo yekutanga munyika yose kubva pakavambwa People's Republic of China. Panguva iyoyo, ongororo yakanangana nevagadziri vevharuvhu vane chiyero chakakura uye mamwe marudzi uye zvakatemwa, seShenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, uye Dalian Valve. Fekitori, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (yakatangira Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, akati wandei vagadziri vevharuvhu muShanghai neShanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 uye 6 mafekitori, nezvimwe.
Kuburikidza nekuferefeta, matambudziko makuru aripo mukugadzirwa kwevharuvhu akanyatso kuwanikwa:
1) Kushaikwa kwekuronga kwese uye kupatsanurwa kwakanaka kwevashandi, zvichikonzera kudzokorora kugadzirwa uye kukanganisa kugona kwekugadzira.
2) Miyero yechigadzirwa chevharuvhu haina kubatana, izvo zvakonzera kusagadzikana kukuru pakusarudzwa nekugadzirisa kwemushandisi.
3) Hwaro hwekuyera uye basa rekuongorora rakashata, uye zvakaoma kuve nechokwadi chemhando yezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda.
Mukupindura kumatambudziko ari pamusoro apa, boka rekuferefeta rakaisa matanho matatu kuhushumiri nemahofisi, kusanganisira kusimbaradza kuronga kwese, kupatsanurwa kwakanaka kwevashandi, uye kuronga chiyero chekugadzira nekutengesa; kusimbisa kumira uye basa rekuongorora kwemuviri uye kemikari, kugadzira zviyero zvakabatana zvevharuvhu; uye kuita ongororo yekuedza. 1. Vatungamiri ve3rd Bureau vakaisa kukosha kukuru kune izvi. Chokutanga pane zvose, vakatarisa pabasa rekuenzanisa. Vakapa Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute yeBazi Rekutanga reMichina kuronga vagadziri vevharuvhu vakakodzera kuti vagadzire zviyero zvakapihwa nehushumiri zvepaipi yemidziyo, izvo zvakashandiswa muindasitiri muna 1961. iyo Institute yakanyora uye yakadhinda "Valve Design Manual". Iyo pipeline accessories standard yakapihwa nehushumiri ndiyo yekutanga batch yemazinga evharuvhu munyika yangu, uye "Valve Design Manual" ndiyo yekutanga dhizaini yedhizaini data yakaunganidzwa isu pachedu, iyo yakaita basa rakanaka mukuvandudza dhizaini yedhizaini. zvigadzirwa munyika yangu. Kuburikidza neongororo iyi yenyika yese, iyo crux yekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yevharuvhu yenyika yangu mumakore gumi apfuura yakawanikwa, uye matanho anoshanda uye anoshanda akatorwa kubvisa zvachose nyonganiso yekutevedzera yekugadzira mavharuvhu uye kushomeka kwemazinga. Tekinoroji yekugadzira yakatora danho rakakura kumberi uye yakatanga kupinda muchikamu chitsva chekuzvigadzira uye kurongeka kwekugadzirwa kwakawanda.
03 Pfupiso
Kubva 1949 kusvika 1959, nyika yanguvharafuindasitiri yakakurumidza kupora kubva mukusagadzikana kweChina yekare ndokutanga kutanga; kubva pakuchengetedza, kutevedzera kune kuzvigadziradesign nekugadzira, kubva pakugadzira mavharuvhu akaderera kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu epamusoro uye epakati, akatanga kugadzira indasitiri yekugadzira mavharuvhu. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekukurumidza kukura kwekumhanyisa kwekugadzira, kune zvakare mamwe matambudziko. Sezvo yakabatanidzwa muurongwa hwenyika, pasi pehutungamiriri hwepakati hweBazi Rekutanga reMichina, chikonzero chedambudziko chakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuferefeta nekutsvaga, uye mhinduro dzinoshanda uye dzinoshanda uye matanho akatorwa kuti kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu kurambe kwakamira. nekumhanya kwekuvaka kwehupfumi hwenyika, uye nekusimudzira indasitiri yevharuvhu. Uye kuumbwa kwemasangano eindasitiri kwakaisa hwaro hwakanaka.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-27-2022
