Pfupiso
Vharuvhuchigadzirwa chakakosha mumichina yakajairika. Chinoiswa pamapaipi akasiyana-siyana kana zvishandiso kudzora kuyerera kwepakati nekuchinja nzvimbo yechiteshi muvharuvhu. Mabasa aro ndeaya: kubatanidza kana kudimbura svikiro, kudzivirira svikiro kuti risadzokere shure, kugadzirisa maparamita akadai sekumanikidzwa kwepakati nekuyerera, kushandura gwara rekuyerera kwepakati, kupatsanura svikiro kana kudzivirira mapaipi nemidziyo kubva mukumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, nezvimwewo.
Kune mhando dzakawanda dzezvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu, izvo zvakakamurwa kuitavharuvhu yegedhi, vharuvhu yepasi rose,vharuvhu yekutarisa, vharuvhu yebhora,vharuvhu yeshavishavi, vharuvhu repuragi, vharuvhu rediaphragm, vharuvhu rekuchengetedza, vharuvhu rinodzora (vharuvhu rekudzora), vharuvhu rethrottle, vharuvhu rekuderedza kumanikidzwa uye Traps, nezvimwewo; Zvichienderana nezvinhu, yakakamurwa kuita copper alloy, cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, austenitic steel, ferritic-austenitic dual-phase steel, nickel-based alloy, titanium alloy, engineering plastics uye ceramic valves, nezvimwewo. Pamusoro pezvo, kune mavharuvhu akakosha akadai se ultra-high pressure valves, vacuum valves, power station valves, mavharuvhu emapaipi nemapaipi, mavharuvhu eindasitiri yenyukireya, mavharuvhu ezvikepe nemavharuvhu e cryogenic. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemavharuvhu, saizi yezita kubva kuDN1 (yuniti mu mm) kusvika kuDN9750; kumanikidzwa kwezita kubva ku ultra-vacuum ye1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwePN14600 (yuniti ye105 Pa); Tembiricha yekushanda inotangira patembiricha yakaderera zvikuru ye -269℃kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya kwe1200℃.
Zvigadzirwa zvevharuvhu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi hwenyika, zvakaita semafuta, gasi rechisikigo, masisitimu ekufambisa mafuta negasi, makemikari, masisitimu ekugadzira mishonga nechikafu, magetsi emvura, simba rekupisa uye masisitimu ekugadzira simba renyukireya; Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemavharuvhu dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasisitimu ekudziyisa nekupa magetsi, masisitimu ekugadzira simbi, masisitimu emvura ezvikepe, mota, ndege nemitambo yakasiyana-siyana, uye masisitimu ekudiridza nekudhonza mvura yekurima. Pamusoro pezvo, muminda yematekinoroji matsva akadai sekudzivirira nendege, mavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana ane hunhu hwakakosha anoshandiswawo.
Zvigadzirwa zvemavharuvhu zvinoumba chikamu chikuru chezvigadzirwa zvemakanika. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwenyika dzekunze dzakabudirira, kukosha kwemavharuvhu kunoumba inenge 5% yemutengo wezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri yese yemichina. Zvichienderana nehuwandu, chigayo chemagetsi enyukireya chekare chine mayuniti emamiriyoni maviri e kilowatt chine mavharuvhu anogovaniswa angangoita 28,000, ayo angangoita 12,000 ari mavharuvhu echitsuwa chenyukireya. Nzvimbo yemazuva ano yakakura yepetrochemical inoda mazana ezviuru zvemavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana, uye mari inoiswa mumavharuvhu inowanzoita 8% kusvika 10% yehuwandu hwemari inoiswa mumidziyo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika eindasitiri yemavharuvhu muChina yekare
01 Nzvimbo yakazvarirwa indasitiri yemavharuvhu muChina: Shanghai
MuChina yekare, Shanghai ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yekutanga yekugadzira mavharuvhu muChina. Muna 1902, Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, iri paWuchang Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, yakatanga kugadzira mapombi madiki etipot nemaoko. Pombi yetipot imhando ye copper cock yakagadzirwa nesimbi. Ndiyo kambani yekutanga kugadzira mavharuvhu muChina inozivikanwa kusvika pari zvino. Muna 1919, Deda (Shengji) Hardware Factory (yakatangira Shanghai Transmission Machinery Factory) yakatanga nebhasikoro diki ndokutanga kugadzira ma cocks emhangura madiki, mavharuvhu eglobe, mavharuvhu egedhi uye ma fire hydrants. Kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu esimbi kwakatanga muna 1926, nehukuru hwepamusoro hweNPS6 (mumainches, NPS1 = DN25.4). Munguva iyi, mafekitori ehardware akadai saWang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao naMaoxu akavhurwawo kugadzira mavharuvhu. Zvadaro, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwemavharuvhu epombi mumusika, mamwe mafekitori ehardware, mafekitori esimbi, mafekitori ekugadzira jecha (sand foundry) uye mafekitori emuchina akavhurwa kuti agadzire mavharuvhu rimwe nerimwe.
Boka rekugadzira mavharuvhu rakaumbwa munzvimbo dzeZhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road neChangzhi Road muHongkou District, Shanghai. Panguva iyoyo, mhando dzaitengeswa zvakanyanya mumusika wemuno dzaive "Horse Head", "Three 8″, "Three 9″, "Double Coin", "Iron Anchor", "Chicken Ball" uye "Eagle Ball". Zvigadzirwa zvemhangura nesimbi yesimbi ine simba shoma zvinonyanya kushandiswa kumavharuvhu epombi muzvivakwa nepanzvimbo dzehutsanana, uye mavharuvhu mashoma esimbi yesimbi anoshandiswawo muindasitiri yemachira echiedza. Mafekitori aya madiki kwazvo, ane tekinoroji yekumashure, michina yezvirimwa iri nyore uye mavharuvhu mashoma anobuda, asi ndiwo mavambo ekutanga eindasitiri yemavharuvhu muChina. Gare gare, mushure mekugadzwa kweShanghai Construction Hardware Association, vagadziri vemavharuvhu ava vakabatana nesangano rimwe mushure merimwe uye vakava nhengo yeboka remvura.
02 Zvivakwa zviviri zvikuru zvekugadzira mavharuvhu
Pakutanga kwa1930, Shanghai Shenhe Machinery Factory yakagadzira mavharuvhu esimbi ane simba shoma pasi peNPS12 ekugadzira mvura. Muna 1935, fekitori iyi yakavamba mubatanidzwa neXiangfeng Iron Pipe Factory neXiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. kuti vavake Daxin Iron Factory (yakatangira Shanghai Bicycle Factory), muna 1936 Yapera kugadzirwa, ine vashandi vanosvika zana, ine zhang 2.6 (1 zhang) inotorwa kubva kunze kwenyika.≈3.33m) machira ekugadzira nemidziyo yekusimudza, kunyanya kugadzira zvishandiso zvemaindasitiri nedzemigodhi, mapaipi emvura esimbi yakakandwa uye mavharuvhu esimbi yakakandwa, saizi yevharuvhu iyi ndeye NPS6 ~ NPS18, uye Inogona kugadzira nekupa mavharuvhu akazara ezviteshi zvemvura, uye zvigadzirwa zvinotumirwa kuNanjing, Hangzhou neBeijing. Mushure mekunge "vapambi vekuJapan ve13" vapinda muShanghai muna 1937, fekitari yakawanda nemidziyo mufekitori zvakaparadzwa nepfuti dzeJapan. Gore rakatevera rakawedzera mari uye rakatangazve basa. Mavharuvhu esimbi esimbi eNPS14 ~ NPS36 akakandwa, asi nekuda kwekuderera kwehupfumi, bhizinesi rakanonoka, uye kudzikiswa kwemitengo, haana kukwanisa kupora kusvika manheru ekutanga kweNew China.
Muna 1935, vagovani vashanu vaisanganisira Li Chenghai, muzvinabhizinesi wenyika, vakabatana kuvaka Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory (yakatangira Tieling Valve Factory) paShishiwei Road, Nancheng District, Shenyang City. Kugadzirisa nekugadzira mavharuvhu. Muna 1939, fekitori yakatamisirwa kuBeierma Road, Tiexi District kuti iwedzere kugadzirwa, uye maworkshop maviri makuru ekugadzira nekugadza akavakwa. Pakazosvika 1945, yakanga yakura kusvika kuvashandi mazana mana, uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvikuru zvaive: mabhoyira makuru, mavharuvhu emhangura akaumbwa, uye mavharuvhu egedhi resimbi rakaumbwa pasi pevhu ane saizi yakaderera pasi peDN800. Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory igadziri yemavharuvhu iri kurwira kurarama muChina yekare.
03 Indasitiri yemavharuvhu iri kumashure
Munguva yeHondo yeAnti-Japan, mabhizinesi mazhinji muShanghai nedzimwe nzvimbo akatamira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, saka huwandu hwemabhizinesi muChongqing nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri kumashure hwakakwira, uye indasitiri yakatanga kukura. Muna 1943, Chongqing Hongtai Machinery Factory neHuachang Machinery Factory (mafekitori ese ari maviri aive akatangira Chongqing Valve Factory) akatanga kugadzirisa nekugadzira zvikamu zvepombi nemavharuvhu ane simba shoma, izvo zvakaita basa guru mukuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi munguva yehondo kumashure uye kugadzirisa mavharuvhu evagari. Mushure mekukunda kweHondo yeAnti-Japanese, Lisheng Hardware Factory, Zhenxing Industrial Society, Jinshunhe Hardware Factory neQiyi Hardware Factory zvakavhurwa zvakatevedzana kuti zvigadzire mavharuvhu madiki. Mushure mekutangwa kweNew China, mafekitori aya akabatanidzwa kuita Chongqing Valve Factory.
Panguva iyoyo, vamwevagadziri vemavharuvhumuShanghai vakaendawo kuTianjin, Nanjing neWuxi kunovaka mafekitori ekugadzirisa nekugadzira mavharuvhu. Mamwe mafekitori emidziyo yemagetsi, mafekitori emapombi esimbi, mafekitori emuchina kana nzvimbo dzezvikepe muBeijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou neGuangzhou ave achibatanidzwawo mukugadzirisa nekugadzira mamwe mavharuvhu epombi.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-21-2022
